Acetylene Lab

Chemistry 12 Acetylene Lab March 8th, 2013 Hypothesis If the come in of gas is increase, it would stir a fully combustion becaexercising it contains more nose candy ions after the combination. Observation % of gas in the screen out electron tube ( approximately) % of O2 in the test tube (approximately) Black soot What kind of sound is produced? drag on 1 70. 00% 30. 00% Yes (Whole test tube) Puff steer 2 50. 00% 50. 00% Yes Puff Trail 3 10. 00% 90. 00% Few( head of the test tube) High pitch Pop DiscussionThe musing table do not support the hypothesis, since it shows the result that as the tot of alkyne gas decreases and atomic number 8 gas increases, there would be a greater chance of a fatten up combustion. In trail 1, investigators use 70% acetylene gas and 30% of oxygen gas, which become half(prenominal) combustion. Black soot represents pure carbon, which means it do not pretend a complete combustion since fully combustions formula should have a double replacement wh ich form carbon dioxide and water vapour. Also, when a complete combustion occurs, the test tube should be clean, because there is more oxygen gas to burn the acetylene gas.However, during the experiment, the investigators make some human errors such(prenominal) as do not use precise measure for the acetylene gas and the oxygen gas, acetylene gas leaked from the test tube and so on Conclusion Even though this experiment do not have a fully complete combustion, the investigators can still predict that the less(prenominal) volume of acetylene gas are in the test tube and more volume of oxygen gas are in the test tube, it will have a better chance to form a complete combustion. To improve the quality of the experiment, ensure to use precise measurement and make less human errors as possible or arrange the experiment few more times.

An Analysis of Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

One day as I was looking in a mirror, I didnt recognize myselfI then decided that since everything changes nonetheless the face in the mirror changessomeone must speak roughly that change. Someone must speak about the former and that someone is I. I sh entirely not speak about all the other things but I should speak, at least, about that face and that mirror and that change. Thats when I knew that I was going to write.Elie Wiesel in Conversation with Elie WieselI owe them my roots and memory. I am duty-bound to serve as their emissary, transmitting the hi theme of their disappearance, til now if it disturbs, even if it brings pain. Not to do so would be to betray them, and and then myself. Elie Wiesel, Why I Write, in Confronting the Holocaust The Impact of Elie WieselOne of the chief(a) themes or messages Elie Wiesel said he has tried to deliver with Night is that all human beings have the responsibility to share with others how their past experiences have changed their identit y operator and how those experiences affect others. Wiesel believes that, in order to understand the true impact of the Holocaust, survivors equivalent himself must serve as messengers to current and future generations by gallery witness to the events of the Holocaust and by explaining how those events changed each individuals identity.II-Pre-Writing naming Personal InventoriesBefore writing your autobiographical skeleton, all students must discern 10 Personal Inventories that describe the important people, places, experiences, lessons, etc. in each persons life. Since these inventories could include sensitive or private information, they go forth checked for credit but will not be exact by anyone except the student who wrote them.III-Autobiographical SketchWrite a apologue about an experience that affected you deeply and ought to be known by others. The story can be written in prose, can be a poem, can be a short story, can be a song, or another approved form of written ex quisite expression. In writing that story, answer the following questionsProvide context what was the grade? how old were you? Where did you live? what were the circumstances surrounding the experience? Re-tell the experience from set-back (exposition, rising action) to end (climax, falling action, resolution) what happened? who was involved? when? where? why did it happen? reflectiveness what were your thoughts about the story at the time it happened? what are your thoughts about the story now? Share the moral or lesson how does your story relate to the route you see yourself and others? W hat did you learn? what lessons does your story teach others?The sketch must be typed, point size 12, and double-spaced. The story is due on the day of the final.

Leibniz: Theory of Monads

IntroductionWhether ultimately sort or non, Leibniz rejects some(prenominal) Cartesianism and atomism. What ought non be missed is that throughout his objections Leibnizs taper never strays farthest from the mereological issues of full-lengths, part, their genius, etc. Indeed, the very nature of his short letters against the mechanist project cloudlessly demonstrate Leibnizs implicit in(p) concern for the problem of the continuum, which seems never very far from his mind. (Thompson)In rejecting Cartesianism, Leibnizs concern is with its inability to make soul of the exclusively in each, except at the expense of the materiality of the parts. In rejecting atomism, his concern is with its inability to make maven of the parts, except at the expense of the union of the whole. Nevery can set up illumination sufficient to escape from the second labyrinth, and the entire mechanist project then finds itself impaled effectively on both horns of a dilemma. Since the probl em of the continuum has so a good deal relevance to the unity of subject matter, Leibniz considers mechanist philosophy myopic. (Brown)Remaining entirely in character, it should not be surprising that Leibnizs own metaphysics is most fundamentally an attempt to free the mechanistic philosophy to that of Aristotle. He attempts to take the best of apiece of these both systems and synthesize a new possibility that manages to escape their individual defects. (Thompson) Monads atomic number 18 the unit of substance which supposedly bridge the gap between the r be and the new, and plug the holes in mechanist theories. Thus, it is with this in mind that his downslope of descent for the existence of monads must be examined, for it is the very heart of Leibnizs theory of substance.At the core of Leibnizs metaphysics oneness finds monads, which atomic number 18 dimensionless and windowless centers of force, the true substances that comprise the created universe. Infinite hierarc hies of monads populate the continuum of all created things, all(prenominal) one mirroring the rest of the universe from its own alone(predicate) take aim of view, expressing either new(prenominal) monad with a great(p)er or lesser stratum of clarity. Monads be the metaphysical points, so to speak, which be the indivisible, unified, and innocent substances that are the fundament of the created dry land. (Mercer)Distinguishing Features of Leibnizs OntologyThere are devil particularly significant distinguishing features of Leibnizs ontology as a whole. In brief, Leibnizs ontology covers as true to his desire to be the great reconciler as it does to his expectations for substance, epistemology, and the problem of the continuum. This ought not be forgotten amidst the enlarge that sustain.Monads are a Synthesis of Old and New It is not surprising, in light of Leibnizs reconciliatory nature, that monads bear hallmarks of both Aristotelian and mechanistic philosophy. In pr ice of the radiation patterner, they do the work of substantial forms, possessing an entelechy which guarantees that they unfold through time as they ought. In terms of the latter, they do the work of atoms, condoneing how features in the phenomenal world (i.e., the macro-level world) come about as a result of changes of state in the documentary world of monads (i.e., the micro-level world). The monad is, by its very definition, designed to supplement the strengths of the dickens opposing theories, while simultaneously inheriting none of their defects. (Mercer)From this it is get that Leibnizs theory of substance is determined by his expectations, and by the perceived failures of apparatus. In assembling it, Leibniz borrows liberally from what he considers the best features of the old and the new. Regarding those aspects in which Leibniz finds either of them inadequate, he crafts his own philosophy so that it avoids verbalise inadequacies, essentially by definition.Qualitati ve, not Quantitative What is arguably most interesting and quite unique about this synthesis of systems is the shift in focus. To elucidate, Leibniz sees the mechanist philosophy as a fundamentally vicenary and extensive rarityeavor. The Cartesian defines the very essence of form as extension, which is quantitative in its extensive nature. Similarly, the atomist cannot help further stimulate the macro-level world by aggregation, through the grouping of m whatever extended entities in the micro-level world, which is besides quantitative by nature. Both variants of mechanism therefore keep a quantitative and extensive view of the consanguinitys between wholes and parts, explaining or bring down qualitative features of the macro-level world in light of or to quantitative features of the micro-level world. (Mercer) prone the problems he finds with quantitative theories, Leibniz concludes that that the correct theory must instead be uniquely qualitative and intensive, rather th an quantitative and extensive, and this unique notion is disposed(p) flesh along very Aristotelian lines. Latta (1965) provides the following apt commentAccordingly, the essence of Leibnizs inclination is that a quantitative world of the relation of whole and parts affords an inadequate theory of substance. The common element in the antonym positions of the Cartesians and the Atomists is the explicit or implicit reduction of qualitative to quantitative differences. And it appears to Leibniz that the reply of the dilemma is to be found in the opposite hypothesis, namely, that the essence of substance is non-quantitative, and that the relation of whole and parts must be conceived as intensive rather than extensive. Thus a simple substance has no parts, i.e. no quantitative elements, and yet it must comprehend a manifold in unity that is to say, it must be real, it must be nearlything, it must be qualitative, specifically determined. (p. 27).The suggested intensive view of the r elations between parts and wholes is noteworthy for its bangle if nothing else. What Leibniz seems to have in mind is that the parts of a whole just abouthow participate in that whole, and similarly that the whole somehow participates in all of its parts. The nature of this participation isnt entirely clear, scarce it is certain that the conception Leibniz holds is not the traditional understanding of the part-whole relation. There is something deeper at work here, some understanding that is intended to allow both the parts and the whole to remain distinct and unified, the parts in themselves and the whole through its special relationship to the parts. (Thompson)What Leibniz seeks is some nose out in which the whole somehow mirrors or expresses all of its parts, containing inside itself the explanation for why the parts are precisely as they are. And similarly, the parts must somehow mirror or express the large whole as s salutary, containing within themselves their explanatio ns, while also mirroring the explanation of the whole, albeit with a lesser degree of clarity. The important degree of mutual inter-participation is what is key to the to a greater extent organic or holistic relationship Leibniz intends. (Swoyer)Despite the sit vagueness, however, this such(prenominal)(prenominal) remains clear Leibniz believes that the part-whole relation in genuine unities must be something far more than special than former(a) philosophical systems have interpreted it to be. Leibnizs use of monads is therefore intended not lone(prenominal) to reconcile Aristotle with the mechanists, but also to lay the groundwork necessary to make such a special relationship logically possible and plausible. (Thompson)The Argument From The MonadologyIn the start-off few sentences of The Monadology, Leibniz gives one cooking of his cause for the existence of monads, a formulation which might be described most charitably as terse. though this is not the only crinkle Leibniz gives for monads, it is probably the most well cognise. As early as 1671, for example, Leibniz argues for monads qua indivisible unextended things, though in a much different fashion involving the proper beginnings of extended entities. (1969, p. 139-140)Because his earlier argument is even more terse than the later argument it shall not be discussed any further. It is worth mentioning only because its similarities mark it as a clear precursor for Leibnizs later thinking on the subject. Further, Leibniz claims elsewhere that the existence of monads may be inferred from his doctrine of the pre-established harmony, though his reasons for this remain obscure. (1985, p.80)Returning to the better known argument of The Monadology, while it would be unreasonable to fault Leibniz for his brevity in making the argument, it is nevertheless the case that much remains to be s assistance before the argument can be accepted, rejected, or even mum adequately. Because the monad is at the very heart of Leibnizs metaphysics, one might evenhandedly expect a more complete formulation of his argument to be possible, just as one might expect Leibnizs critics to focus their attacks upon that argument if monads qua simple substances are to be rejected.For the purposes of this essay, it is necessary to understand this argument and the issues underlying it in order to make clear precisely how Leibniz takes the monad to be united and simple. The following is Leibnizs argument for the existence of monads as presumption in The MonadologyThe Monad, of which we shall here speak, is nothing but a simple substance, which enters into coalesces. By simple is meant without parts. 2. And there must be simple substances, since there are compounds for a compound is nothing but a collection or aggregatum of simple things. (1989, p.213) jet Sense ObservationsRelevant Observations For Leibniz, the observations relevant to a theory of substance are those of entities in the world. As established already, Leibniz simply looks at the world and takes armoury of what he sees. Among the entities perceived he finds what might be called macro entities of a relatively mundane variety such as tables, chairs, rocks, streams, etc., as well as perhaps not so mundane macro entities such as plants, animals and persons. With the aid of the microscope, one may similarly perceive micro entities both mundane (e.g., crystals) and not so mundane (e.g., unicellular organisms). Further, with the aid of a telescope, one may perceive entities at the large end of the macro scale, if not, in fact, objects of an altogether different order of size. (Mercer)There are two star(predicate)ry points of interest as regards this body of observations. The first is that each entity, because it has extension, is divisible into parts. The second is that despite this divisibility into parts, the entities in question are more or less unities in some sense i.e., each entity is numerically one, and it is what it is rather than something else.To put these two points a bit differently, this body of observations indicates that for all such objects there seems to be a unified whole, just as there seems also to be discernable parts, which are similarly real and unified. A third less interesting but important point is that in each case one seems to find entities at every scale. No matter how high one turns up the telescope or the microscope, one never reaches the end of things. Wherever one looks, one finds worlds within worlds.Existing TheoriesThis body of observations requires explanation. More to the point, Leibniz takes this body of observations to require an explanation in terms of some sort of substance. In virtue of what is it the case that some particular entity is a whole? In virtue of what is it the case that the parts of that entity are themselves both unified and real? Further, what relations are free burning between the wholes and their parts? And finally, what conclusions may be dra wn more largely once answers to these questions have been established?These are the sorts of questions Leibniz has in mind when considering breathing theories. A successful theory must address them adequately without go into either internal conceptual contradiction or external contradiction. That is, the theory must cohere with the present body of observations, just as its predictions (if any may be made) must also cohere with both present and future observations. (Thompson)In terms of evaluating mechanist theories, there are only two that Leibniz takes as plausible candidates, Cartesianism and atomism. As established already, Leibniz considers both of these views to be inadequate for explaining the body of observations under consideration. Having already examined Leibnizs reasons for rejecting these systems in some detail we may move directly to the next step, which involves synthesizing a new theory that avoids the inadequacies of mechanism while embracing its strengths.A Novel Theory of SubstanceIf both ends of the spectrum of mechanist philosophy are unacceptable, then why not head for the pose? Leibniz is convinced of unities in the world because of a wealth of observations, and he believes both the Cartesians and the atomists to be unable to explain such unities with their theories. (Thompson, p. 24-6) What is needed according to Leibniz is a theory whose fundamental unit of substance is both real and indivisible. It must be real for the obvious reason that it simply will not do to explain what does exist by appeal to what does not, and it must be indivisible in such a fashion that it may explain the genuine unity of the observed entities in the world.Further, it must provide a qualitative and intensive, rather than quantitative and extensive, construal of the part-whole relation, as previously discussed. Leibniz concludes, therefore, that what is needed is a new, basic unit of substancephysical points are indivisible only in appearance mathematical points are exact, but they are provided modalities. Only metaphysical points or points of substance (constituted by forms or souls) are exact and real, and without them there would be nothing real, since without true unities there would be no multitude. (1989, 142)This conclusion, which lays the foundation for the development of the remainder of Leibnizs metaphysics, owes its support to the two factors given earlier as motivations. Most central to it is the fundamental assumption that monadic unity is necessary at bottom for the production of all compound things. In light of this, it is possible to summarize the more complete formulation of Leibnizs argument for monads as followsP1 Common sense observations show that real, unified entities exist.P2 What is real may be explained only by appeal to something real.P3 What is unified may be explained only by appeal to something indivisible.C Therefore, the explanation for such entities in the world must involve real and indivisible subs tances, namely, monads.This bears little relation, prima facie, to the less detailed argument given in the first two sections of The Monadology, but it is nevertheless reducible to that argument. P1 amounts to nothing more than the initial in tightlipped that compounds exist. P2 and P3 do not appear at all in The Monadology, but it is tolerably clear from the preceding discussion that these principles are indeed simulated by Leibniz. Finally, the conclusion is just a restatement of the conclusion that monads exist. Again, to restate the argument more succinctly compounds exist, therefore simples exist.The remainder of Leibnizs metaphysical deductions in The Monadology follow from this more complete formulation at least as well as they follow the abbreviated version. Because monads must be both real and indivisible, Leibniz may argue that they can have neither extension nor form and must therefore be immaterial. Because they cannot be divided, Leibniz may still affirm that they ca nnot go out of existence in any natural way, by the dissolution of parts. Similarly, they cannot come into existence in any natural way, by the aggregation of parts, and so forth. Thus, this more complete formulation of the argument acts as a drop in replacement for its far more taciturn sibling.ConclusionTo summarize, Leibnizs argument for monads is an enthymeme, an argument with an implied bring out. Examining the logical derivation suggests a line of thought that Leibnizs other writings explicitly affirm, namely, that there is no mankind without unity. With this additional premise in hand, the argument for monads is rendered formally valid. Whats more, this additional premise provides a starting point for untangling the issues previously suggested as problems for monadic simplicity.The close tie between reality and unity prompts one to consider what Leibniz delegacy by simple in a different light. It seems that what he intends in his argument for monads is not merely that the y have no parts, but rather that they also include a kind of indivisibility, an inability to be divided in any way that destroys them. If there is no reality without unity, then things that are lethally separable and thus not unified are not intrinsically real. The relation between reality and unity helps suggest the fatal inseparability criterion for simplicity.Further, it also seems that mereological simplicity and fatal inseparability are but minus entailments of a more positive construal of simplicity, namely, ontological simplicity. A thing is ontologically simple if it stands alone, or described negatively if it is self sufficient in the sense that it bears no internal relations of ontological dependence to any other thing. Such an understanding of simplicity resolves the problems raised previously for the mereological construal, helps to make sense of Leibnizs argument for monads, and coheres nicely with the various other texts in which Leibniz uses the term.ReferencesBrown , Stuart. The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy. Dordrecht Kluwer AcademicPublishers, 1999.Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. (1969) philosophical Papers and Letters, 2d ed. Translated and edited by Leroy E. Loemker. Boston D. Reidel Publishing Company,Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. (1985) Theodicy. Translated by E. M. Huggard, edited by Austin Farrer. Open Court Publishing Company.Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. (1965) The Monadology and other Philosophical Writings. Translated and edited by Robert Latta. London Oxford University Press.Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. (1989) Philosophical Essays. Translated and edited by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company.Mercer, Christia. Leibnizs Metaphysics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001.Swoyer, Chris. (1995) Leibnizian Expression. Journal of the History of Philosophy 33 (1), 65-99.Thompson, Garrett. On Leibniz. Belmont Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2001.

Miss Brill Essay

The short story, except brill by Katherine Mansfield conveys to the readers of l one(a)liness of a person and how that loneliness can seem to warp the reality virtually that person. The story revolves or so the main character Miss Brill who goes to the putting green every Sunday afternoon. She wears a fox fur pelt around her neck and she strokes it as she eavesdrops on other peoples conversations. She gives emotions and illustration to the fox pelt personifying the inanimate object. This suggests that she wants company to converse with however, with no one around except the fox pelt around her neck, it is the only social function she can converse with. The readers who are observing her from objective view are given slight hints that Miss Brill is lonely but Miss Brill herself is not aware of this fact.This can be seen when she compares the old pas de deux that were sitting nearby her to those that came out of an old cupboard. This comparison suggests she sees the old twosome has these old dusty cups that have been forgotten about in the grit of the cupboard. Throughout the story, Miss Brill tries to convince herself that she is part of a find and that she belongs in that play, that she holds as much importance as everybody else around her. However, as the story progresses she realizes that she is indeed alone and lonely. After hearing what the young check had to say about her she heads for her home. Once she is home she puts the fox back in its box, but says she heard something crying. The something crying is most likely Miss Brill herself realizing the sad truth and becomes depressed.

Efficient Business Communications in Companies Today Essay

. Introduction chat is nonpareil of the most(prenominal) cardinal factors in any geological formation or relationship. It is the process of pile share thoughts, ideas, information and feelings with from each one other in commonsly understandable focuss (Hamilton, 2011). When pile slew communicate decently in a business organization then it runs smoothly with erupt communicatingal mistakes and misinterpretation. The master(prenominal) purpose of efficient business communications is to generate a positive, true and consistent reputation with customers, employees and other businesses. Efficient business communication promotes sanction in the company so that hoi polloi are able to deposit the company. Businesses are crossing national boundaries to compete on a valet- vast scale today. Thats why efficient business communication is important nowadays. To be successful, businesses motivation to develop efficient ways of communications almost the world. In that way, w ell-disposed media and modern technologies is efficient business communications in companies today. . Body1. Social media in business communicationPearlson and Saunders (2010) define social ne tworking sites as online services that render members to create profiles with information about themselves and conjoin with other individuals that dole out common interests and expertise. While social networking sites began as manners for people to express their individuality and keep in fulfill with others, they defend positive into communication tools that allow businesses to connect directly with the widespread audiences these sites declare oneself and emolument from the immediacy and intimacy of these contacts. The popularity of social networking sites provides companies with the opportunity to take advantage of twinkling two-way dialogue with one thousand millions of drug ab givers in a to a greater extent be-effective method than previous one-way marketing strategies. Social networking has also changed how working professionals share information and the methods companies use to find new employees. LinkedIn, for example, provides users the ability to create profiles that draught their professional expertise and accomplishments and Hempel (2010) outlines how both employees and employers benefit from the features of LinkedIn.Over 60 million members have LinkedIn profiles with details on their experience and the ability to reach out to peers to ask for advice or join groups of members with similar affiliations. This provides users the ability to network to a greater extent effectively than they could through an exchange of business cards or resumes. Employers have also discovered benefits to exploitation LinkedIn to break and recruit authority employees. LinkedIn provides exceedingly detailed information on members, allowing representatives from companies such(prenominal) as IBM and Accenture to easily identify promising reardidates based on member p rofiles and professional references while parsimony thousands of dollars in recruiting fees.Twitter provides its users the ability to stay connected by exchanging get around messages of 140 characters or slight, known as tweets. These brief messages are designed to provide users the ability to quickly share information with a wide audience. Companies are now expected to take an active role in the use of social networking sites to identify candidates for employment, promote their products, and engage customers in the strong suit and time frame they prefer rather than dictating how and when communication takes place. Given that these sites provide free tools for companies to establish immediate, two-way dialogue with vast numbers of customers, it is clamant that companies develop effective social networking strategies to further establish and strengthen the small relationship betwixt company and customer.2. Modern technologies in business communication applied science seems to be in a state of constant evolution. in the altogether technologies are beingness developed all the time, and the impact this has had on the world of business communication is immeasurable. In spite of that speaking to manyone in some soundbox is the best method of business communication, engine room has allowed you to communicate with people around the world through other methods to save company money. Technology plays an important role in the business. It helps to grow business into a customer-focused and sustainable business. Today, modern technology has changed the way these business conduct their communications with each other. Technology has allowed for many forms of communication to take place through the use of cell phones, netmail, and even holding contacts. Many large organizations have installed a complex network of computer-based promise, facsimile, printing, voic electronic mail, e-mail and videoconferencing technologies.These technologies increase the potential for communication in the organization, such as speed, frequency and reach of communication and reduce its cost (Hinds, Keisler, 1995). As technology has progressed, it has change magnitude the speed of business communications. Instead of having to direct a week for a document to be delivered by mail, information can be instantaneously transferred via email or file sharing programs. Technology has greatly increased findibility in business communication. Because of things equivalent smart phones, email, text edition messaging and instant messaging, information can be sent very quickly to anyone, anywhere. This has altered accessibility in a multitude of ways. People can work or communicate from anywhere and at any time. Technology has made the world a fold smaller, especially in the context of business. People from different cultures interact on a frequent basis. Global partnerships have become more than more feasible as things like video conferencing have facilitated meetin gs that cost some(prenominal) less to conduct than flying halfway across the world.This has also forced business communication to become more dynamic, as individuals from different cultures elate to accommodate for the cultural and communicative differences in their business relationships. People from enemy ends of the world can work together, 24 hours a day. Moreover, advances in technology make it possible for more and more people to work onward from the office in cars, airports, hotels and homes. (Thill, Bovee, 2005) As it was mentioned before, managers have at their disposal a wide variety of communication technologies from which to choose. And some the most popular technologies can be discovered. They are telephone, voice mail, meshwork based communication technologies such as e-mail, instant messages, videoconferences, blogs, file hosting.Mobile PhonesTelephones are one of the most common, popular and simple forms of business communication today. The use of the telepho ne has increased exponentially since its invention because it provides an easy and convenient way to overcome the two principal barriers to communication time and distance. The telephone is much like one-to-one face-to-face communication, but is done at a distance (Hinds, Keisler, 1995). apply telephones overcome the two principal barriers to communication time and distance. In fact, some experts estimate that 95 percent of most companies daily contacts come via the telephone (Ind, 1999).When people call to an organization, they want to quickly and easy reach somebody who can help them and provide information. Most companies provide cell phones for their employees and they require them to carry them on and off the job. This allows people to be available anytime when they need to be called in. This form of communication is good to get in touch with someone but when you have an important topic to discuss, it is better non to do it over the phone. It also allows companies to save mon ey by having somatic discounts from providers. These benefits of using telephones show that in order to run a business in an effective way, the role of telephones shouldnt be underestimated. Telephones are one of the most efficient ways of communication.E-mailOf all the Internet activities, e-mail is used more often. Email has changed the way any business is being done. Nowadays people complain about the amount of Email they receive. But, nevertheless, using Email has impacted business in a positive way and has some advantages over other methods of communication. Hamilton (2011) mentioned that there are some definite advantages to using e-mail and instant messages in an organization increased access to and faster retrieval of information, to name just two. Use of e-mails costs less then sending letters. Thus, e-mail has become one of the most common forms of business communication. Since e-mail communications eliminate the interpretation of body language, timbre and gestures, the res a set of norms and ethics that come with email communication. For example, using capital letters in a sentence can be construed as you screaming at the other somebody. So, to minimize the potential for problems, many companies now have formal e-mail policies that specify certain(p) rules of creating e-mails and use of company e-mail service.Instant messagesInstant messaging allows people to carry on real-time, either one-to-one or small groups text conversations. It is quicker then e-mail and usually used inside the organization to allow employees to share information, exchange documents or hold virtual meetings online.Calls via Internet and Video conferenceModern technology allows communicating in person via electronic meetings, such as videoconference or calling and receiving calls via Internet. Programs such as Skype offer Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services that allow individuals and businesses to call and place electronic meetings all over the world for prices much cheaper then regular landline services. Lehman, DuFrene (2005) found that despite e-mail, fax machines, cell phones a lot of employees do not communicate as well with one another in virtual environments as they do in traditional office.Videoconferencing is used by multiple-location companies to communicate with their employees for training, business updates, to take in new products or procedural changes (Hamilton, 2011). In videoconferencing peoples booking is more organized and orderly, they come well prepared, which may account for shorter meeting and saving time. It is also effective when an organization is hiring someone who is leaving in other agricultural. If it is expensive to bring that person to the companys country for an interview, the better way to conduct it is via Skype rather than via telephone. You can see the person, his body language which will give you more information about the person rather than just voice.. ConclusionToday, people more connected in globali zed world by modern technologies. Lifestyle are changing internet bases that quicker, easier and more cost-effectively. This is nothing different in business communication. Full use of social media and modern technologies are undoubtedly maximizing communications between businesses and their suppliers, partners, customers and their potential customers.

Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems be calculating machine programmes that are derived from a branch of reckoner science research called factitious Intelligence (AI). AIs scientific goal is to understand intelligence by create computing machine programs that exhibit intelligent behavior. It is concerned with the concepts and methods of typic inference, or reason, by a computer, and how the cognition used to make those inferences will be stand for inside the machine. Of course, the term intelligence covers many cognitive skills, including the ability to run railway line of works, learn, and understand language AI addresses all of those.But virtually onward motion to date in AI has been made in the area of chore solving &8212 concepts and methods for building programs that reason about problems rather than calculate a solution. AI programs that achieve beneficial-level competence in solving problems in confinement areas by bringing to bear a body of experience about specific tasks are called noesis- motifd or expert systems. Often, the term expert systems is mute for programs whose knowledge motif contains the knowledge used by human experts, in contrast to knowledge gathered from textbooks or non-experts.More often than not, the ii terms, expert systems (ES) and knowledge- ground systems (KBS), are used synonymously. Taken together, they meet the most general type of AI application. The area of human intellectual endeavor to be captured in an expert system is called the task domain. Task refers to some goal-oriented, problem-solving activity. sector refers to the area within which the task is being per physical bodyed. Typical tasks are diagnosis, planning, scheduling, physique and design. An example of a task domain is aircraft crew scheduling, discussed in Chapter 2. twist an expert system is known as knowledge prepareing and its practitioners are called knowledge engineers. The knowledge engineer essential make sure that the computer has all the kno wledge needed to solve a problem. The knowledge engineer must choose one or to a greater extent forms in which to represent the required knowledge as symbol patterns in the memory of the computer &8212 that is, he (or she) must choose a knowledge representation. He must also ensure that the computer can use the knowledge efficiently by selecting from a handful of reasoning methods. The practice of knowledge engineering science is described later.We first describe the components of expert systems. The Building Blocks of Expert Systems all(prenominal) expert system consists of two principal move the knowledge base and the reasoning, or inference, engine. The knowledge base of expert systems contains both factual and heuristic rule knowledge. Factual knowledge is that knowledge of the task domain that is widely shared, typically found in textbooks or journals, and earthyly agreed upon by those breaked in the particular field. Heuristic knowledge is the less rigorous, more expe riential, more judgmental knowledge of performance.In contrast to factual knowledge, heuristic knowledge is rarely discussed, and is largely individua contestationic. It is the knowledge of good practice, good judgment, and plausible reasoning in the field. It is the knowledge that underlies the art of good guessing. Knowledge representation formalizes and organizes the knowledge. star widely used representation is the production rule, or simply rule. A rule consists of an IF part and a hence part (also called a condition and an action). The IF part lists a touch on of conditions in some logical combination.The gear up of knowledge represented by the production rule is relevant to the line of reasoning being developed if the IF part of the rule is satisfied consequently, the THEN part can be concluded, or its problem-solving action taken. Expert systems whose knowledge is represented in rule form are called rule-based systems. An opposite widely used representation, called the unit (also known as frame, schema, or list structure) is based upon a more passive view of knowledge. The unit is an assemblage of associated symbolic knowledge about an entity to be represented.Typically, a unit consists of a list of properties of the entity and associated value for those properties. Since every task domain consists of many entities that stand in various relations, the properties can also be used to specify relations, and the values of these properties are the names of other units that are linked according to the relations. whiz unit can also represent knowledge that is a additional case of another unit, or some units can be parts of another unit. The problem-solving model, or paradigm, organizes and controls the steps taken to solve the problem.One common but mightinessful paradigm involves chaining of IF-THEN rules to form a line of reasoning. If the chaining starts from a set of conditions and moves toward some conclusion, the method is called forward chainin g. If the conclusion is known (for example, a goal to be achieved) but the path to that conclusion is not known, thusly reasoning backwards is called for, and the method is backward chaining. These problem-solving methods are built into program modules called inference engines or inference procedures that manipulate and use knowledge in the knowledge base to form a line of reasoning.The knowledge base an expert uses is what he learned at school, from colleagues, and from years of experience. Presumably the more experience he has, the larger his store of knowledge. Knowledge allows him to interpret the learning in his databases to advantage in diagnosis, design, and analysis. Though an expert system consists to begin with of a knowledge base and an inference engine, a couple of other features are worth mentioning reasoning with misgiving, and explanation of the line of reasoning. Knowledge is near always incomplete and uncertain.To deal with uncertain knowledge, a rule may hav e associated with it a confidence factor or a weight. The set of methods for using uncertain knowledge in combination with uncertain data in the reasoning process is called reasoning with uncertainty. An important subclass of methods for reasoning with uncertainty is called fuzzy logic, and the systems that use them are known as fuzzy systems. Because an expert system uses uncertain or heuristic knowledge (as we humans do) its credibility is often in question (as is the case with humans).When an answer to a problem is questionable, we tend to want to know the rationale. If the rationale seems plausible, we tend to believe the answer. So it is with expert systems. Most expert systems have the ability to answer questions of the form Why is the answer X? Explanations can be generated by tracing the line of reasoning used by the inference engine (Feigenbaum, McCorduck et al. 1988). The most important ingredient in any expert system is knowledge.The power of expert systems resides in the specific, high-quality knowledge they contain about task domains. AI researchers will continue to explore and add to the current repertoire of knowledge representation and reasoning methods. But in knowledge resides the power. Because of the importance of knowledge in expert systems and because the current knowledge acquisition method is slack off and tedious, much of the future of expert systems depends on breaking the knowledge acquisition bottleneck and in codifying and representing a large knowledge infrastructure.

Miss Ever’s Boys Film critique Essay

cast off Evers Boys is a docudrama film that was produced by the HBO cable network. The cinema explores honest and social issues involved in the infamous Tuskegee Study. The translate was about untreated blacken men with syphilis. The U.S. general health function is said to occupy standed a hear among 600 black Americans from the years 1932 to 1972. This study was done in Macon County. This paper pass on exclusively explore the critique the lack Evers Boys film using honest models. The ethical framework includes beneficence, justice, and respect for persons, duty-based morals, virtue-based morality, and the rights-based ethics. The paper will identify how the above listed ethical principles were or were non portrayed in the film. Analysis of the ethical frameworksThe creation of beneficence states that the welf atomic number 18 of the participants should be every researchers address of any clinical trial. The movie dribble Evers Boys, the U.S. Public wellness Ser vice did not mind the welfare of the participants. To start with, this study was to study a sexually transmitted disease called syphilis hardly not to provide its cure. Before involving anyone in this study, the U.S. Public Health Service should realize sought people consent with full explanation of the study to the participants. If U.S. Public Health Service minded the welfare of the people at all, they could have explained the study to the participants in order for them to choose whether they will be involved or not.However since they knew the consequences of the study, the U.S. Public Health Service was algophobic that the people will not participate since the study was not whirl any cure at all. This is against the bioethics of medical practice that requires the beneficence purpose to be respected in any clinical research. So basically, it will be right to give voice that beneficence ethical principle was not met in this film (Stripling, 2005). The concept of justice in re search ethics requires that researchers need to make a fair selection of participants.Therefore, there should be an ideal distribution of benefits and risks and benefits while conducting a clinical research. In the movie, deteriorate Evers Boys, just blacks were included in the study. The study recruited 600 black men and none white person. To start with, this was discrimination of the highest order. This means that tho the black men were at the risk of dying, considering that they treated them with placebos. This means that only the black mens lives were endangered while the bioethics requires that the risk to be distributed equally (B. Miss Evers Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2013). Respect for persons means that people have a right to fully exercise their autonomy.Here, people need to be commitn a chance to make their own choices. In the film, Miss Evers Boys, it is clear that the participants were not respected at all. The kickoff show of disrespect was when the U.S . Public Health Service decided to conduct a study and lie to the participants that they were going to offer them cure to syphilis. The stand by disrespect shown was the discrimination in the study where only the blacks were selected. Lastly, the U.S. Public Health Service disrespected the participants knowing that it was dangerous.Therefore, the respect for person ethical principle was not meet in the movie Miss Evers Boys. Duty-based ethics are based on duty or obligation. Kant argues that there are higher principles that are good in no matter the time, situation, or culture. Therefore, when faced with an ethical dilemma, its important to know that we have a duty to meet. In this movie, the U.S. Public Health Service was faced with a situation which was the rising prevalence of people suffering from syphilis. However, the U.S. Public Health Service had an obligation to meet which was to find the cure of the disease without needs having to put people through so much pain for 40 y ears.One thing that was very sad was the fact that even subsequently discovering that penicillin could cure syphilis the U.S. Public Health Service did not give the sick black men. This led to the death of 160 people (B. Miss Evers Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2013). Virtue-based ethics helps us in deciding the necessary actions to send depending on the kind of person we want to be. Here, the recognition of human hauteur is very important. All humans have a right which is both imperious or negative.The positive right means are those presumptuousness to human beings while the negative rights are those human beings have and cannot be taken away from them. Human dignity was not considered in the movie Miss Evers Boys. The black men had a positive right which was respect of their lives. This positive right was taken away from them by the U.S. Public Health Service (Houser, 2012). It will be right to, therefore, say that the virtue-based ethics principle was not met inthis movie. Summary

Auditing Ethics

The natural setting, that we atomic number 18 predominantly in an imperfect world, brings most the question of ethics in many spheres of the human endeavor, including examineing.It is therefore a pre-liquisite for all scrutiniseors in any organization to understand and give concerted thoughtfulnesss to the human factor (both within the organization and outside) as they conduct honorablely sensitive audits as well as determining the required audit coverage. It is common practice for most organizations to dumbfound some postulated ethical direction procedures-the codes of ethics- the comprehensive principles and values statement that should serve as a routine guide to auditors in their daily work.This gives an outline regarding non only the ethical requirements but also the professional obligations that should be emphasized whenever any small decisions relating to the business proceedings are to be made (Matthias, 2004, 16).There should be prior, sporty communication and r einforcement of such ethical codes among the suppliers, customers, and employees (including the internal and external auditors). However, the accomplishment and the nature of any audit coverage are critically mulish by the managements degree of commitment to high ethical and integrity standards.DiscussionIt is paramount to understand at this point that there are several risk factors that are involved in the process of auditing ethics. This implies that the auditors mustiness be well conversant with all the functional fields in an organization so as to identify activities and functions in which ethical implications would bring forth the greatest risks. After such risks have been identified, a value (such as low, medium or high) is assigned to facilitate proper allocation of audit efforts (Usoff, 2001, 21).Among the most considered risks by auditors include, but are not limited to the quest Sensitive data/information disclosure Perceived business outlet Adverse globeity Probabl e injury to employers, employees, and/customers and Adverse legal implications.Some areas are imperatively to a greater extent risk prone than another(prenominal)s and auditors should therefore allocate them more ethical auditing time. One of these is the procurement and purchasing department in most, if not all enterprises. Red flags must always be raised in times when larger gratuities and gifts are offered by suppliers. These also include other nominal gifts offered, and every employee who is involved in purchases must be good reminded of the company policy on gratuities and gifts.Another are that require careful consideration at all times is the environmental, health issues, and safety department. An elaborate typeface deliberate audit denial is the Soviets Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident which they refused to acknowledge until other European neighbors complained about the nuclear fallouts.Environmental issues have been among the major challenges to industries world wide, with many other stakeholders such as the media, the public and regulatory bodies demanding apt responses on the part of the companies to make responsible precautions (Caplan, 2003, 14).

Earliest Form of Buddhist Education to Be Found In Vietnam

Buddhism interjected Vietnam during the beginning of first hundred CE. By the blurb degree Celsius Buddhisticic visited a key component part in Vietnam cognize as the Luy-Lau focus. This centre is promptly in the Bac-Ninh province. Luy-Lau was the capital of Vietnam and this is the reason it was an beta prescribe for the Buddhists to visit. On their way to china monks stopped at this at a lower placelying region and taught plurality about Buddhism. numerous teachings were translated in this central region much(prenominal) as Mahayana sutras and the Agamas. These were translated into Chinese as Vietnamese culture and holiness is regularised a stripe by the Chinese culture .Vietnam is influenced by Chinese culture because Vietnam was occupied by Chinese during the 111 BCE and 939 CE . GEOGRAPHICAL reparation OF VIETNAM Vietnam has Cambodia and Laos to the west and Chinese colossus, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Thailand and Burma to the east and south. The eastern nigh p art of Vietnam reaches India. The coastline is roughly 2,500 kilometers. This coastline staggers from Mong-Cay, which is in the north to Cambodia. In early solar days Vietnam was the region betwixt India and China which is tangiblely a peninsula. This was formerly cognize as Funan and Campa.Being so near the cardinal most densely be countries, Vietnam had a lot of influence from their culture, politic and devotion . Buddhistic tempt Vietnamese argon very religious. They bore quite a digit of religions like, Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism etc. Buddhism first came in trade union Vietnam . It was accordingly k directn as Giao-Chi. These were Indian or Chinese Buddhists who came pre direct from either land or sea routes and started influencing people. Giao-Chi became the centre of everything by the end of second cytosine as the Indian merchants started doing trade in that location, and with them they brought monks in like manner.Buddhism was very influential at that duration, as we give the axe see that these traders brought monks with them because they were called the calmer of the sea . These monks were priests who later started preach their religion in Vietnam. It became easier for them, because Giao-Ching was the central place where every traders and fo overlook travelers, Chinese and Indians met. Moreover the merchants rested here also if they were travelling between India and China. Thus monks and priests had one central place to preach their religion. They started missionary activities and as a result monasteries were strengthened.This was the first age that monasteries were reinforced in Vietnam during the reign of Si-Nhiep. The very first few monasteries were create in a province of North Vietnam which is now hunch overn as Ha-Bac. This was formerly known as Luy-Lau, as mentioned in the Introduction that it was the centre of missionary activities . THE FIRST BUDDHISTS IN VIETNAM The earliest form of Buddhist genteelness was fo und to be given by a Taoist who later became a Buddhist. Before him, it is said, that several missionaries from China came to preach Buddhism . During the rule of Si-Nhiep, two monks named Ma Ha Ky Vuc and Khau Da La came to Vietnam.These were Indian monks. Tu-Dinh from Khmer kingdom communicate them to stay in that location in Vietnam. The second monk however ref employ and went suffer where as Ma Ha Ky Vuc stayed. Tu-Dinh was a very religious existence himself and employ to fast for several days. This he said helped purify his organic structure and soul. These two were the first monks to reach Giao-Chi. later them a Chinese Buddhist preacher named Mau-Bac came to Giao-Chi. During the judgment of conviction when Mau-Bac came to Giao-Chi, China was in serious political chaos. cod to this several monks and scholars came to Vietnam. Giao-Chi was under the rule of Si-Nhiep post then and was considered a effective place.Mau-Bac after coming to Vietnam studied Buddhism from an Indian monk named Ksudra. Ma Ha Ky Vuc, who had come to Vietnam in front any of these, with the help of Ksudra and Mau-Bac started promoting Buddhism in Vietnam. These were the first people who started to promote Buddhism and their teaching is the very early form of Buddhist instruction to be found in Vietnam. After Mau-Bac many monks started to propagate Buddhism. Khang shot Hoi and Cuong Luong Lau also came to Giao-Chi during the third century. Khang Tang Hoi entered a monastery when he was ten and from there started studying and practicing Buddhism.Apart from Buddhism he also studied literature, astronomy and other subjects. He translated many books relating Buddhism into Chinese. Though he was Indian born scantily is considered as a Vietnamese Buddhist. Cuong Luong Lau like Khang Tang Hoi also translated many Buddhist books in Chinese . The main Buddhist centre was Luy-Lau at that time it is now known as Ha Bac and is situated in North Vietnam. Phap Van was a renowned mon astery in Luy-Lau and during the second and third century was famously known as the condition of doctrine and the lotus school. In 968 A.D, when King Dinh Tien Hoang came in to power, Buddhism in Vietnam changed. It entered a new era. Buddhism now had a hierarchy of monks and priests and it was now use uped by the court. As Buddhism was now supported by the royal court many changes took place. Buddhists were respected and were asked advice sooner taking decisions. Buddhists were involved in many political and religious decisions. During this stoppage Buddhism was at its best. It was the most predominant religion. Many kings and emperors after this period were Buddhists. Many laws came into practice in this era, which were influenced by Buddhism.Van Hanh, who is also known as the supposition master is of this era. Any ruler who was non Buddhists was at least the sponsor of Buddhism. In 1010 A. D, almost eight monasteries were built in Ha Bac. altogether other monasteries and Buddhist temples were also repaired. Tripitaka texts, which were in China initially, were brought in Vietnam. Thousands of Buddha statues and paintings were cave in and set up. Festivals were set up. Many new monasteries such as birdcall Kharh monastery and monastery at Mount Ba were built. In 1086 A. d Dai get away monastery was built in Ha Bac.Later in 1118 A. D Thien Phat was built which had almost 1,000 Buddha statues . BUDDHIST STUDIES IN VIETNAM Buddhist studies in Vietnam can be divided in to four eras. 1. From the entrance in Vietnam to the first century 2. From 11th century to 14th century, which was the best era of Buddhist studies 3. After 25th century, which was the time of declination of Buddhism 4. Present Buddhist studies in Vietnam pile have diametrical opinions about the exact date on which Buddhism entered Vietnam. It is believed that Buddhism entered Vietnam in first century A.D near people believe it was the year 189 of the Christian era. Historians say tha t Meou-Po, who was a Taoist before he became a Buddhist, was the first person to make any Buddhist teaching in Vietnam. Though many missionaries came before him, plainly they only laid grounds on which it became possible for Meou-Po to enter and teach Buddhism. It was very difficult to teach Buddhism at that time as very little literature was available. Vietnamese had no written script hence a few translations were make in Chinese. The era between 544 and 602 was an independent era and was helpful in ventilation Buddhism.Though there was some progress, in this era but the real progress was made during 603 to 939. During these days two major missionaries entered Vietnam. Vinitaruci and Vo-Ngon-Thong led these two missions separately. Almost 20 shrines were built at that time and there were about 500 monks preaching Buddhism day and night. These shrines were a gift from the Chinese government. During 939 and 968 there was not much victimisation in case of Buddhist studies. In 939 Chinese reign in Vietnam ended. Buddhist teachings paused during these years, but only in Vietnam, in China Buddhism went under a lot of scrutiny.When Dinh-Bo-Linh came in to power, Buddhism started to prosper. He acted as a shielder of the religion and Buddhism was studied and adopted by many people boulder clay Dinf-Bo-Linhs reign till 1009. The emperor made Ngo-Chan-Luu the head of Sangha (Community of Buddhist monks). Ngo-Chan-Luu was a monk, scholar and a poet. The emperor was very much impress by this monk who was good at Zen meditation. The emperor used to take advice from Ngo-Chan-Luu in matters of politics and military. Due to his good advices and performance he was made Imperial Councillor. He got the title of Khuong Viet which means servant of Vietnam.Ngo-Chan-Luu proved to be a very good monk and helped in spreading Buddhism. During this time Tripitaka was brought from china for the first time with the help of Vietnamese missions. People in Vietnam were taught how to read and write in Chinese characters, as Vietnamese lacked written script. This helped the scholars learn more by reading more books on Buddhism and translating others into their language. Hence the monks of those times were much learned and were respected a lot all over the country as there were very few people who could read and write.A scholar at that time was respected a lot and as most of the scholars were Buddhists, people started to go to them in smart set to learn. This helped spread Buddhist teachings . Buddhism expanded a lot during 1031 as almost a hundred temples were built during this era. A lot of Buddhist ceremonies were held and they were liberate from taxes. In 1049, the emperor built the Dien-Huu temple which was actually what he adage in his dream. He later ordered it to be constructed the way he saw it in between an artificial lake. It is one of the most famous monuments in Hanoi and is known as synagogue of single column.Ly-Thanh-Ton, who reined Vietnam in 1 054, was a rightful(a) Buddhist. During his time food and clothing were distributed among the poor. He used to reduce the punishment of prisoners also. Hence Ly-Thanh-Ton, who tried to follow the steps of Asoka, was a very great Buddhist. In 1069, when Vietnam was at war with Champa, the emperor brought back a few prisoners. What he did not know was that one of these prisoners was a Buddhist monk. When the emperor found out about him he inquired him and find that he had a great knowledge of Dharma. The emperor got very strike and allowed him to preach his religion in the Khai-Quoc temple.It was also found out that he was a Chinese monk who was actually trying to preach and practice Buddhism when he was caught. The emperor was a true Buddhist and praised scholars, and hence allowed this Chinese monk to stay in the temple. Now Buddhism was under official resistance and could be spread more easily and therefore Buddhism continued to be taught among all the Vietnamese. Many writings of that time show the studies of Buddhist scholars . After this emperor all the other emperors also got interested in Buddhism. more or less of them followed Zen meditation and practice. One of them became a monk and abdicated from his post of emperor.The Ly Dynasty was spread over a period of 215 years. This was the only dynasty during which the religion of Buddhism was at its apogee . After this came the Tran Dynasty, during the early years of which the spread of Buddhism slowed down. Though the emperors of this dynasty were more prepargond towards Buddhism, but none the less during the first s steadyty years of this dynasty the Buddhist studies did not prosper as it did before. One of the emperors became a monk and started practicing Zen. The stretch out dynasty definitely proved to be the climax of Buddhism, as it was now declining.China started to reign again and due to this Confucianism started to prosper and made developments in various aspects such as philosophy and lit erature. Taoism grew and prospered, whereas Buddhists were stopped from preaching and practicing their religion. Buddhists books were burned and temples destroyed. This dropped the level of Buddhists studies in the country. When Vietnam got independent in 1428, it was thought that now it will be easier to renew Buddhism and spread its studies from the beginning. However, this proved wrong and Buddhists studies did not budge.Buddhism lost its original arrive at and purity and people started mixing it with different ideas. No new temples were allowed to be built at that time and this also hindered the prosperity of the religion. Many monks were sent back to their lay lives and were stopped from preaching Buddhism saying that they were incompetent to do so . During 1528 and 1802 new Zen sects were developed. Temples were built and Buddhism was supported a lot. master key Tr? nh Giang ordered rebuilding of temples. Almost 6,000 workers worked day and night to build temples of Quynh L am and Sung nghiem. In South of Vietnam Thien Temple was built which still stands.This Temple is equipped with its famous bell which is very resonant. Chinese monks were allowed to preach their religion and therefore they moved around whole of the country teaching and preaching Buddhism. Though many efforts were taken, yet Buddhism had such distorted form that monks were made to reside over ceremonies, Buddha was taken as a god and gifts were presented to his statue. This shows that the actual Buddhist religion had changed a lot and almost nobody knew and unspoiled the actual teachings of Buddha. THE IMPACT OF BUDDHIST EDUCATION The impact of Buddhist schooling was very great.It not only effected the religious beliefs but also had a great impact on every other day to day activity. Music, which was influenced by Indian music because of the monks coming from India, was used in religious ceremonies. Today out of eight musical instruments almost sextette are Indian. These instruments were taken by Indian monks, first to China and then to Vietnam. It will not be false if we say that India and China are solely responsible for spreading Buddhism in Vietnam. Though China influenced in the first place the northern areas whereas, India influenced the south China had more impact on Buddhism in Vietnam than India had.The reason is that China was in contact with Vietnam for thousands of years and had an influence on the politics and culture of the country. India had a lesser impact as Indian merchants went to Vietnam solely for business projects. They sometimes took it as a resting place on their way to China. Hence they had no interest what so ever in the religion in Vietnam. However, there is certainly some influence on their religion and culture by the Indians, as the first monks to enter Vietnam for the purpose of preaching their religion were Indians. Buddhism gradually spread all over Vietnam.Though there are quite a few religions practiced in Vietnam, but almos t two thirds of the population practices Buddhism. People sometimes do not have clear vision for example today a Buddhist may visit Taoist temple. These sometimes lead to superstitions and practices which show their ignorance towards the religion. sometimes even monks do not have clear concepts about Buddhism. Buddhism truly had a very strong impact on the culture and carriage of common man. People have better morals due to Buddhism. heretofore people who are not educated know that bad workings will result in bad results.They know that they should be gracious towards the people. Buddhists teachings are ordinary things which everybody should know. The motif of Buddhism is Lotus Flower. Monks are vegetarians and their teachings are establish on purity and compassion. BUDDHISM CONCEPT IN VIETNAM Buddhism in Vietnam is mainly Mahayana. This Mahayana customs duty has compassion as main entity. They take main words or buzzwords from Buddha like, Enlightenment, Delivered etc. The mon ks of Mahayana tradition try and improve their life-timeual feeling. This spiritual life is then translated into action which is based on truth.During the decline of Buddhism in Vietnam, the monks were just an entity to receive gifts in the ceremonies. Today due to the movement in 1920, they know what ceremonies are actually for. They now have clear concept. They have texts and books to abduce to and find meditation as the best tool. The General Buddhist tie beam in Vietnam is a very dynamic organization representing Buddhism in the country. It represents the true opinion of Buddhism in the country. They have done efforts, held conferences in order to not only promote Buddhism but paint a clear picture about the fundamentals of Buddhism.Buddhism has prospered leaps and bounds in the country. Though there are many rival religions in the country, Buddhism is by far the most democratic one. As mentioned earlier, almost two thirds of the population practices Buddhism. During 968 it was made the state religion. Buddhism in Vietnam is no wonder superior than any other religion there, as it is not only accepted publicly but also helped in the moral and spiritual training of the general public. People believe it and accept it by heart. They call it the religion of compassion. The imprint of Buddhism can be seen in art and literature as well.Music has also been inspired from it. A European author writes Buddhism was the first foreign influence which had a powerful presence on the evolution of Chinese thought and the effect of such an influence was to rekindle, stimulate and develop to the highest pitch not only the religion but also all the other spheres of its civilization A casual glance, even by one who is almost completely unaware of the spiritual creative activity of China, at the plastic arts of China shows how completely they stem from the spirit of Buddhism and how wonderfully they blossomed forth during the Buddhist periodAs Buddhism in Vietnam is influ enced a lot from China and India, hence it can be said that the Chinese really had an impact on Vietnamese paintings, culture, literature and art.

The Uk Smoking Problem Health And Social Care Essay

The purpose of this authorship is to critically measure and compargon and contrast the look schemes, designs and methods, every bit respectable as their greatness used in MILCH, E. Catherine et Al ( 2004 ) . Smoking cessation in uncomplicated attention a clinical potency runnel of two simple intercessions published in Preventive Medicine Vol. 38, pp. 284 294 and COLEMAN Tim, darnel Francine and MURPHY Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Qualitative look back look intoing the surgical operation of giving anti- dope advice in general pattern published in Patient Education and Counseling, Vol. 52, pp. 159 163. At the really beginning of this piece, it should be made clear, that chief focal commit is to measure seek methodological analysiss and methods applied in this two diary holds, along with their rightness for turn toing the chosen look for inquiries. Additionally, attending give away be paid to motivation literature and issues of sampling, dependability and cogency.First, a sum-u p of the decisions of this report will be provided. Then, the research design of each diary member will be discussed in bend. Finally, decisions will be drawn in order to fulfill the purposes of this authorship.ContextThrough the universe flock presents a public health job. In UK, every bit good as in the States lowlife is integrity of the prima causes of decease 1 and is responsible for super mellowed health attention costs. Although, in both states t here are legion anti- fastball bubblies, in USA about one-fourth of grownup Americans ingest 2 and in UK about the equivalent per centum of grownups declares themselves as tobacco plant users 3 . Coleman et al. , every bit good as milch et Al. suggest that nearly 70 % of tobacco users see their general practician ( GP ) at least one time a twelvemonth. Numerous surveies ( Ockene 1987, Glynn 1988, Manley, Epps and Glynn 1992 and Silagy and Ketteridge 1999 ) show that tobacco users perceive practicians advice to dis continue as strong motor for cessation. Both surveies emphasise that, unluckily GP frequently fail to supply their patient roles with surcease advice all to avoid confrontation with patients or they do non possess a scene of accomplishments for tobacco user surcease guidance. For this grounds Coleman, Cheater and Murphy wrote this paper researching physical process of giving anti- smoke advices in general pattern, one of a few which they based on same informations. Recognizing the importance of systematic protocols for designation of patients who smoking, Milch et al. put up clinical effectivity seek to measure effectivity of two simple intercessions ( critical severalize cast and forage estimation questionnaire ) on smoking surcease in primary attention.Your overall imprint? ? ? ? ? ?SummaryImportanceThe paper azQualitative survey look intoing the procedure of giving anti-smoking advice in general pattern posits an interesting connexion between ( 1 ) GP ( 2 ) their re pertory of techniques for coating with tobacco users who were non motivated to halt and ( 3 ) factors that influence the procedure of giving anti-smoking advices. Previous survey conducted by same writers az Factors act uponing treatment about anti smoke between general practicians and patients who smoke a qualitative survey British Journal of General Practitioners 2000 Vol. 50, pp. 207 210 suggests that GPs normally expect negative reaction from patients to whom they give anti smoke advice. Furthermore, GPs perceive relationship between physician and patient as hapless. For all this grounds, they were less likely to speak about smoke with patients and they wishfully choose with which patients to discourse it. The paper aims to derive insight into GP behavior in relation to anti-smoking guidance and concept hypothesis and recommendations how this procedure could be improved in future. This was at the habilitate of great importance as new smoking surcease services were adopted in UK that proposed breeding of wellness professionals in anti smoke methods. Therefore, efficient readiness class for GPs should include findings from current clinical pattern. Though, important for lending to GPs pattern, it must(prenominal) be mentioned that old documents of this writers based on the same information and covering with really similar inquiries compromise the originality of this piece of composing. Additionally, figure of premise that sparked finish this paper is based on informations produced by the same stem of writers which dexterity propose that research worker prejudice exists to some extent.It is ever expedient to include other research documents cut downing research worker prejudice key FINDINGSThis paper is of import because it makes a part to friendship how GP get down anti smoke treatment, what is content of their messages and what besiege GP adopt. Coleman, Cheater and Murphy suggest that GPs take great care how to raise inquiry of smoking. Two ways are predominating about half(prenominal) of the GPs interviewed say that they use several different methods to get down confabulation and observe patients reaction and other half utilize humour or low key attacks to bring on the subject in a non-threatening manner Coleman, Cheater and Murphy ( 2004, p. 161 ) . Additionally, general practicians admitted that they lack equal methods and accomplishments for measure smokers motive to discontinue. Body linguistic communication, position and oculus contact were one of really of import motive indexs. If patients stated that they are in the cracker of quitting or are cutting down on coffin nails they were considered as motivated. The one weakness to halt, despite several negotiations with GPs, was considered as unmotivated. Once successfully originating the conversation, general practicians focused on conveying the message about wellness and economic benefits of halting smoke, every bit good as ski lift consciousness about sm oke and contradictory wellness status i.e. high blood pressure or contradictory intervention i.e. preventive pill. more(prenominal) or less three quarters of general practicians said that they opt utilizing non-confrontational attacks, which they described as non-didactic , subdued , encouraging , over confrontational, acquiring crossways and shouting attacks. Despite their penchant, around half of GPs admit that they use confrontational attack. Small figure even admitted awful patients particularly those who suffer smoking caused unwellnesss.ResultResults of this research suggest that general practicians need broader spectrum of schemes and methods for giving anti smoke advices. In add-on to this, two new field of survey ingest to be far explored usage of confrontation and terrorization as driver for behavior alteration and ways of measuring patients motive by GPs. Lack of GPs competencies and methods for giving anti smoke advices suggests that paper has deductions for NHS smoking surcease services, Department of Health in UK in 2004, the twelvemonth it was published.MotivationThe motive of writers is clear. Recognizing how important are general practicians in smoking surcease procedure they set out to detect to what extent are GPs are versatile and how developed are their methods for giving anti smoke advices. At the clip being this issue vas really modern-day, as UK authorities proposed preparation in smoking surcease methods and to cognize from where founderments should get down finding current clinical pattern was important.ImportancePaper Smoking surcease in primary attention a clinical effectivity test of two simple interventions nowadayss relationship between ( 1 ) critical mark cast, ( 2 ) smoke appraisal questionnaire ( SAQ ) and ( 3 ) their consequence on smoking surcease. As antecedently mentioned, clinicians frequently are unsuccessful in accessing tobacco usage or in presenting anti-smoking advices. This leads us to reason that there is demand for practical, clip and cost effectual smoke surcease intercession. Milch et Al. successfully confirm their initial hypothesis that these two uncomplicated intercessions better indentifying tobacco users and prompt anti smoke advices. Greatest strength of this survey lies in the fact that it was designed to resemble real-world practice Milch et Al. ( 2004, pp. 293 ) , it requires minimum preparation, no excess clinicians and recommends betterments for GPs pattern. However, it should non be overlooked that a few initial premises are based on instead old literature, such as Ockene, JK. ( 1987 ) , Glynn, TJ. ( 1988 ) , etc. Collis and Hussey ( 2009 ) suggest that a danger exists when a piece is believe on old informations, because it has small relevancy to modern pattern and that farther usage of this information can be incidental and opportunistic .KEY FINDINGSKey findings imply that intercessions used positively affected testing for smoke and did non hold any dramat ic consequence on clinicians supplying surcease advice Milch et Al. ( 2004, pp. 290 ) . Both intercessions increased rated of anti smoke advices by primary attention practicians ( PCP ) 47 % on the cast group and 52 % on the SAQ group in comparing to 33 % on mark off group. It is interesting that smoking surcease rate was the highest on the SAQ group 30 % , than on the cast group 4 % and control group 11 % . Why smoking surcease rate was higher than the stamp group rate demands farther geographic expedition. Last but non the least, high parting of patients in the intercession squads stated that they reduced the figure of coffin nails, greater than before motive, assurance about halting to smoke, believing of discontinuing and consciousness of wellness hazards. Although, a few initial premises are based on old articles and the research showed that smoking surcease rate was higher in the control group than in the cast group, it must be admitted that this research has deduction to GPs pattern.ResultThe most important result of Milch et Al. article ( 2004 ) is the verification of hypothesis that two simple intercessions used will better designation of tobacco users and bring on smoking surcease advices. In add-on to this, this research has deduction for general practitioners pattern as methods analysed here are unsophisticated, easy to larn, clip and cost effectual.MotivationMotivation of writers of this research is really clear. Additionally, it is similar to motive of Coleman, Cheater and Murphys. Both research paper reference modern-day issue at that clip want of methods for testing patients for smoke and developing methods for get downing and presenting anti smoke advices. 1 hypertext transfer protocol //www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/health/attrdeaths/index.htmlH obacco2.gif 4 Ockene JK. Physician-delivered intercessions for smoking surcease schemes for increasing effectivity. Preventive Medicine 1987 16 723 737 5 Manley, MW Epps RP, Glynn TJ The clinicians business in advancing smoking surcease among clinic patients. Med Clin Nort America 1992 76 477-494 6 Glynn, TJ Relative effectivity of doctor initiated smoking surcease plan pubic louse Bulletin 1988 40 359 364 7 Silagy C. Ketteridge S. physician advice for smoking surcease ( Cochrane look back ) . The Cochrane Library, Issue I Oxford Update Software 1999Bryman, Alan ( 2008 ) . Social Research Methods. tertiary ed. , Oxford University PressCollis, Jill and Hussey, Roger ( 2009 ) . Business Research, A Practical Guide for undergraduate and grad student pupils. 3rd ed. , Palgrave Macmillan

Plato †The Republic, Machiavelli †The Prince, Hobbes †Leviathan Essay

1. The Les male childs of NatureThe near central les tidings I entrust I support learned slightly modern and historical regime from my exercise of Plato, Machiavelli, and Hobbes, is that Western society has historically viewed authorities as a way to grapple with tender-hearted personality and the self-interests which ar deald to drive human behavior. Although this perception of human nature has opposing views among Western philosophers such as Locke, I took the collective allude of The Republic, The Prince, and Leviathan as penetrating insights into the hi termrchal and self-interested aspects of humanity, which in some ways, by some points of view seemed contrary, to me, to the congenital viewpoint and philosophic perspective which may be necessary for Western society to tit in the future.So an important insight for me, in f actuate, the most important insight in my opinion is that these majuscule philosophers de none, to a actually man-sized degree, the stacks of the past, and ideas about politics, which, while still truly current, are probably intellectual to evolve in the future.  One might even go so far as to argue that the present, with its global discord and challenges presents a judgment of conviction of punctuated equilibrium for Western philosophical and governmental thought.2. Hobbes Lesson of the LeviathanTo begin with, viewing the massive, sometimes oppressively omnipotent government in contemporary times as something which is not only necessary, that in fact demonstrates both the gladness of humanity over the hostilities of nature, but also the attainment of justice is sometimes difficult for me to see.  On the former(a) hand, I have no anaesthetise with seeing that m either former(a) people, and in fact, people in reigning positions in government, belive this completely. When Hobbes writes that Hitherto I have set forth the nature of Man, (whose Pride and other Passions have compelled him to submit himsel fe to Government) together with the broad power of his Governour, whom I compared to Leviathan, taking that comparison out of the two drop dead verses of the matchless and fortieth of Job where God having set forth the great power of Leviathan, calleth him King of the Proud  (Waller,1901, p. 231), I shudder to think that unquestionable people in positions of power in the real world believe this as gospel. I think, specifically, of the Bush administrations recent commence to expand presidential license There is nothing, saith he, on earth, to be compared with him. He is made so as not to be afraid. Hee seeth every heights thing below him and is King of all the children of pride. (Waller, 1901, p. 231)3. The Lesson of the Modern PresidencyThe transparent outcome of the modern vision of the President as the leader of a specific governmental party, rather than the Constitutional conception of the President as a non-partisan ar combater of the Congress, is that individual Pr esidential aspects, rather than the political parties themselves, would turn up as the foremost consideration in Presidential elections. Hobbes Leviathan needs a head and in modern times his admonition, quoted below, seems especially frighteningThe keep of Civill Society, depending on Justice and Justice on the power of Life and expiry, and other lesse Rewards and Punishments, residing in them that have the Soveraignty of the Common-wealth It is impossible a Common-wealth should stand, where any other than the Soveraign, hath a power of giving greater rewards than Life and  of inflicting greater punishments, whence Death (Waller, 1901, p. 326)In practical terms, the grind forth of the candidate campaign has eliminated the old regularity of platform politics where a political parties ideological and issue-related stances are mensurable against one another with the direct contest between one  candidate and another.  One clear result of this practice is that ind ividual candidates are immediately virtually dissected by the media and by prospective voters to measure their potential characters and defects. The fascination with individual manners, faux pas, manner of dress, speech, religious affiliation, past memberships in kind organizations or clubs, or even past associations with friends or acquaintances this instant play, arguably, a more important role than issues in recent Presidential elections.In modern Presidential politics, the political parties often seem a manage(p) afterthoughts. The present day situation presents a precisely opposite vision of a Constitutional model for the American Presidency. Because the Presidential candidates are now regarded as leaders of their respective parties and not simply as nominees of them, the chance is that a given candidate lead follow, to partisan exclusion, the  aims and desires of his or her party. In fact, the expectation in modern politics is that the party and the candidate are vi rtually identical, but that in the long run executive, rather than democratic, authority is the final word. An entire library of observations could be written about the magnification of Presidential authority indeed, the tyranny of Presidential authority relative to political parties which is exemplified by the Bush administration.4. The Lesson of Plato and SlaveryWhen reading political philosophy, I am usually aware of historical relationships that might seem a bit odd to others. Therefore, my thinking about not only the historical, but contemporary, impact of African American slavery in America while reading Platos Republic may seem off-beat at first, but the thought-process I underwent, and the conclusions I drew are part of the important lessons about political philosophy I learned from class-readings. One thing that stood out for me in all three writers was the hierarchical fundamental assumptions that comprised the core-beliefs of all three philosophers works. An example of this rigid, hierarchical thinking is found in the followers charge of the  Republicthey should receive the laws from us in the finest possible way like a dye, so that their    opinion about whats terrible and about everything else would be color- fast because they had gotten the proper nature and rearing, and their dye could not be washed out by those lyes so terribly effective at scouring, pleasure (Plato,1991, p.108)The charitable of heathenish schism encouraged by this kind of thinking, is, in reality, both profound and of long duration. I started to wonder what it would be like if one popular opinion class, reared on the airy ideas of Plato, the objective and hierarchical ideas of Hobbes, and the self-interested mastery of Machiavelli enacted the principles set forth in these philosophies, not as virtuous ideas, but as deep culturally encoded principles. Obviously, it was not a prolong to think fo the history of African Americans, first subjected to the t yranny of slavery, then cast into the role of other after the Civil War and the independence Proclamation ended slavery, who became a culture without any identity other than that which had been thrust upon them from their former masters.However, African Americans were cast into an equally prejudicial cultural role in America and this time, the justification for both Northerners and Southerners was that slavery, though evil, had at least allowed for the humanization of the African race. This deep-seated racism obstructed any chance for the African Americans in the post Civil War era to geminate a specifically African American culture of their one making and instead cast them back into a role  very similar to the one they had occupied as slaves. The institution of slavery in America was malicious enough and long-lasting enough to genuinely split up African Americans from their historic cultural roots. The loss of their indigenous culture gave rise to hybrid African American cult ures and a search for African American identity which, although many gains in civil liberties and social awareness have taken place,  continues to this day.My thought is that any distinction of hierarchy where the intimation is that the overtop of one class over another is both natural and necessary, will result in the erosion of culture in both the ruling and subjected classes.   Plato ridicules such an ideaif the people are discontented and say that it is not just for a son in his prime to be back up by his father, but the reverse, the father should be supported by the son and that they didnt beget and set him up so that when he  had full-grown great they should be    slaves to their own slaves and support him and the slaves along with other flotsam, but so that with him as leader they would be freed from the rich and those who are say to be gentlemen in the city and they now bid him and his comrades to go away from the city  like a father driving a son along with his trouble- some drinking fellows out of the house? (Plato, 1991, p. 118)However, I would suggest that the historical case of African American slavery represents a very apt model for how the political philosophies of hierarchy can lead to durable corruption because the contemporary political situation of the United States both domestically and internationally, is still very overmuch connected to race and race-based hierarchies. By following Hobbes idea that the ruled must be led by their rulers, or Platos idea that the ruled should be indoctrinated to love their station in life, or Machiavellis idea that the ruled should be placated or tricked by their rulers into a state of  passivity, there is a feeling in my thought that an entirely different mode of thinking could be and should be engaged, not to vindicate, but to rescue the world from the antiquated philosophies of the past.5. The Lesson of Machiavelli and AssassinationThe point at which the self-int erest of leaders becomes, itself, the most dangerous threat to any nation, culture, or society, is among the most important lessons I learned from the class readings and I most specifically learned this from reading The Prince, which I found to be, like Hobbes and Plato, much more illuminating on  the subject of how Western society has viewed itself and its political institutions than as a penetrating glimpse into humanitys essential nature  or future cultural and political existence.Machiavelli stresses that all acts of a political nature are rooted in self-interest. It is not a matter of public-service, but of public passivity and censure that drives the politician. Speaking of Oliverottos murder of his enemies, Machiavelli remarks After this murder, Oliverotto mounted his horse, paraded through the town, and besieged the chief officials in the government palace so that out of fear they were forced to accompany him and to constitute a government of which he made himself p rince (Machiavelli, 1998, p. 32). Implicit in this remark is not only the idea that murder can be an expedient political strategy but that any political act is partially only what it is perceived to be.  Machiavelli mentions of Oliveratto And when all those were killed who, because they were discontented, might have harmed him, he strengthened himself by instituting new civil and military institutions so that, in the space of the year that he held the principality,(Machiavelli, 1998, p. 32).In conclusion, the political philosophies of Hobbes, Machiavelli, and Plato represent a compelling collection of ideas which seem to have driven Western politics for centuries. However strong the rational conclusions, observations, and inspired thoughts of these past philosophers to my mind none of the theories offered seem to address the issues which seem most problematic and current in contemporary society. By following the ideas in these philosophical systems which elevate self-interest, social schism, warfare, and political expedience, the social, political, and cultural resources of the West are weakened, not strengthened.

SWU Food and Beverage

Southwestern University (SWU), located 30 miles southwest of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex, has witnessed frightful growth in its football program. With that growth, fueled by the hiring of legendary animal trainer Bo Pitterno, has come more fame, the need for a bigger stadium, and more complaints astir(predicate) seating, place, long lines, and concession stand prices.Southwestern Universitys president, Dr. Marty Starr, was not only concerned to the highest degree the cost of expanding the existing stadium versus building a new stadium, except also about the ancillary activities. He wants to be sure that these respective(a) support activities generate receipts adequate to pay for themselves. Consequently, he wants the parking lots, game programs, and fodder service to all be handled as wampum centers. At a recent meeting discussing the new stadium, Starr told the stadium manager, Hank Maddux, to phrase a break-even chart and related data for to for each(prenominal) o ne one of the centers.He instructed Maddux to have the food service area break-even report localize for the next meeting. After parole with other facility managers and his subordinates, Maddux developed the table below. This table shows the expected percent of revenue by item, the suggested selling prices, and his estimate of variable costs.Selling Variable part ItemPrice/UnitCost/UnitRevenue Soft drink$1.50 $ .75 25% Coffee 2.00 .50 25% Hot dogs 2.00 .80 20% Hamburgers 2.50 1.00 20% Misc. snacks 1.00 .40 10%Madduxs stubborn costs are interesting. He estimated that the prorated mint of the stadium cost would be salaries for food services at $100,000 ($20,000 for each of the five home games) 2,400 square feet of stadium space at $2 per square foot per game and six people in each of the six booths for 5 hours at $7 an hour. These laid costs get out be proportionately allocated to each of the products based on percentages provided in the table. For example, the revenue from sof t drinks would be expected to cover 25% of the center fixed cost.Maddux wants to be sure that he has a number of things for President Starr 1, the total fixed cost that must be covered at each of the games. 2, the portion of the fixed cost that must be covered at each of the games/ 3, what his unit gross revenue would be at break-even for each items- that is, what sales of soft drinks, coffee, hot dogs, and hamburgers are necessary to cover the portion of the fixed cost allocated to each of these items. 4, what the dollar sales for each of these would be at these break-even points, and 5, realistic sales estimates per attendee for attendance of 60,000 and 35,000 (in other words, he wants to hump how many dollars each atendee is spending on food at his intercommunicate break-even sales at present and if attendance grows to 60,000).He felt this last act of cultivation would be helpful to understand how realistic the assumptions of his model are, and this information could be comp ared with similar figures from previous seasons.DISCUSSION QUESTIONPrepare the report with the items noted so it is ready for Dr. Starr at the next meeting.

As Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Essay

The argument all over nature vs. upgrade has continued to torture society by presenting expressions in which we simply turn int k like a shot which rules to apply. One of these subject areas is sex change. Sex change is a very big step to take in a mortals life and it involves the c atomic number 18ful consideration of umteen factors but it is non a simple arrange to a complex problem much(prenominal) as hermaphroditism or even blotched circumcisions. These choices can be difficult because we dont quite understand which factors to consider presumptuousness that we soak upnt obdurate whether it is nature or name that determines a kidskins knowledgeable identity.Until we solve this riddle, people shouldnt rise to change a childs sex before the child can decipher his or her own sexual identity. Nature forget solve the problem without human mediatence. Over the years, sex change in infants with ambiguous or deformed genitals has become much and more popular. Often tim es, however, the child is unhappy with his/her sexual assignment. Colapinto writes, Dr. Harry Benjamin himself, who had belatedly reported that in forty-seven out of eighty-seen of his patients, he could find no evidence that childhood conditioning was involved in their conviction that they were backing in the wrong sex (Colapinto 45).This aims that nature rather than nurture is the underlie factor of sexual identity. Dr. basin gold, a doctor at ass Hopkins Hospital, was the head doctor of the world famous tush/Joan partner off case. His theories at the time seemed to be very intelligently thought out at the time, but have now been proven otherwise, explaining why his conduction of the oppose case was unsuccessful. thaumaturgy Colapinto explains that Dr.Money realized in his research on hermaphroditical children, the ones that were raised as girls were happy girls, and the ones raised as boys were happy boys It seemed to suggest to him that hermaphrodites were born malle able in their sex (Youtube). However, Money was in addition chop-chop to generalize this observation to everyone, rather than only. Although the gravely unsuccessful twin case was and is brought up a lot in the debate concerning nature vs. nurture, there are still scientists who believe that it is nurture rather than nature that determines sexual identity.These scientists still have hope that there may be an answer to the mystery of sexual identity. Jonis Portfolio says on gender, It is an intricate balance between hormones, heading function, attitudes, behaviors, and social expectations (Jonis Portfolio). Colapinto as well as the authors of Jonis Portfolio mention how vehemently was she fit(p) to live in the sex of her genes and chromo abouts (Colapinto 72). Children who are born normally, but have been sexually reassigned, usually present behaviors that resemble the sex written in their genetic code.The few exceptions remain outliers. Once scientists started to poke holes in Dr. Moneys theories, they realized how unreasonable it was to try to sexually reassign a children who were already destined by nature to be a received gender. Jonis says, sexual activity identification is a complex issue (Jonis Portfolio). Scientists try too hard to try to find a solution to this problem that they are too quick to draw conclusions and make decisions. Colapinto writes that the New York Times adjudge review on Man vs. Woman Boy vs.Girl express the sacred scriptures argument was If you tell a boy he is a girl, and raise him as one, he will want to do feminine things (Colapinto 70). Man vs. Woman Boy vs. Girl is a book written by Dr. Money. Money drew so many sour conclusions in his work that his theories were unreliable. However, he was such a respected epithet in the science world that even his most outlandish views were support by many. This is how his theories came to be so widely accepted. We know now, however, that he was beautiful far off the mark in his line of research.We know now that gender assignment should be left to nature, rather than nurture, especially was no problem with the natural gender to begin with. Too often, children have been charge with the task of finding themselves, i. e. discovering their sexual identity. If doctors and scientists continue to complicate childrens lives by attempting to change who these children were destined to be, they will definitely start to lose themselves. This is finally what happened in the John/Joan case where David Reimer, which was John/Joans real name, when he took his own life.Nurture may be a factor in sexual identity, but research suggests that nature is an even stronger factor. Scientists and doctors shouldnt interfere with nature because all in all, this single factor will mull over through the cracks. Bibliography Colapinto, John. As Nature Made Him The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. New York HarperCollins, 2000. Print. As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto was published in 2 000 to give readers a full understanding of the John/Joan twin case in which a biologically born anthropoid was sexually reassigned a girl due to a blotched circumcision.Colapinto describes in great detail all aspects of the case and how horribly wrong it went. He does elaborate research and uses interviews from direct sources in order to explain the case coherently for readers. This book is the main source for this essay as it describes so vehemently the case from all angles. It argues mainly how nature over nurture is the main factor in determining sexual identity. Jonisportfolio Sexual Reassignment and Gender Roles Nature VS Nurture. Jonisportfolio Sexual Reassignment and Gender Roles Nature VS Nurture. N. p. , n.d.Web. 01 Oct. 2013. . This portfolio was published online by Jonis Portfolio to love and argue the issue of nature vs. nurture and its concern with sexual identity. It describes many cases where biologically born males who were raised as females so vehemently were determined to be males. It describes nature as a leading factor over nurture for determining sexual identity. Its helpful to this essay because it presents some major arguments concerning the matter of nature vs. nurture. It even describes the John/Joan case and what happened there. YouTube.Prod. Allan Gregg. Perf. Allan Gregg and John Colapinto. YouTube. YouTube, 04 June 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. . This video is an interview with John Colapinto done by Allan Gregg. Colapinto is the writer of As Nature Made Him and in this interview he is describing to viewers the twin case, or the John/Joan case. David Reimer, John/Joan himself, couldnt do the interview because unluckily he took his own life in 2002. This source is helpful because it is a short recap of the book and viewers may understand it emend than they would while reading about it.